Paket Usaha Teh Parikesit

TEH PARIKESIT

Berawal dari kegemarankami dan teman-teman dalam minum teh, tersirat untuk mengembangkan lebih jauh konsep usaha dengan menggunakan bahan dasar Teh Hijau yang mempunyai Khasiat dalam kesehatan. Dan juga memberdayakan Tenaga-tenaga trampil yang siap untuk berwira usaha.
Visi :
Menjadi mitra pemerintah dalam menciptakan usaha padat karya serta memberikan manfaat nyata untuk mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa.
Misi :
• Menciptakan peluang usaha yang dapat memberi manfaat kepada mitra usaha.
• Merubah pola pikir masyarakat untuk mampu menjadi pengusaha

Tujuan Bisnis Kerjasama PARIKESIT :
1. Tujuan utama Teh Parikesit adalah mengembangkan jiwa Entrepreneur dalam masyarakat, bagaimana perekonomian masyarakat bisa tumbuh dan berkembang yang berdampak mengurangi tingkat pengangguran.
2. Mengembangkan Ekonomi Mikro
3. Melestarikan makanan tradisional dan mengemasnya dengan tampilan modern
4. Menciptakan sistem persaingan dengan Kerjasama dengan konsep tradisional dan modern

Kenapa PARIKESIT layak dijalankan?
1. Jenis Minuman dengan bahan baku Teh Hijau yang mengandung Khasiat Menyehatkan dan Enak serta digemari seluruh lapisan masyarakat.
2. Bahan baku yang murah dan mudah didapat.
3. Adanya variasi rasa yang di tawarkan, dengan komposisi yang pas
4. Sistem operasional mudah dan dapat langsung di jalankan.
5. Support dan perhatian penuh dari manajemen pusat.
6. Tidak ada royalti yang di ambil cukup hanya dengan membeli paket yang di sediakan oleh Master.
7. Resiko usaha rendah jika dibanding memulai usaha sendiri.
8. Modal tidak terlalu besar sehingga break event point relatif cepat (kisaran 2~3 bulan).
9. Segala keperluan bahan disiapkan oleh pusat / Master yang ditunjuk.
10. Pangsa pasar yang terus tumbuh.
Keuntungan Menjadi Mitra PARIKESIT
1. Berkesempatan memiliki usaha sendiri
2. Adanya support dan dukungan penuh dari manajemen Parikesit
3. Memperoleh alat bantu guna mendukung keberhasilan usaha dalam hal sistem operasional serta pemasaran
4. Setelah operasional seluruhnya dalam kendali dan pengawasan mitra
5. Perlengkapan dan peralatan menjadi hak milik mitra sepenuhnya
6. Kemungkinan keberhasilan lebih besar jika dibandingkan memulai usaha sendiri

Segmen Pasar ( Target Market) :
Teh Parikesit mengambil segmen pasar semua lapisan masyarakat baik anak muda, pelajar/mahasiswa, anak-anak dan orang tua karena keumumam bahan bakunya yang bisa diterima semua orang. Lokasi penjualan yang bisa digunakan adalah:
1. Pusat keramain seperti Jalan Raya / Terminal
2. Sekolahan / Kampus
3. Tempat hiburan / rekreasi atau tempat lain yang sesuai dengan segmen pasar yang dituju
4. Tempat-tempat yang cukup potensial untuk di jadikan market

Syarat Menjadi Mitra PARIKESIT :
1. Jujur dan Amanah menjadi tolak ukur utama
2. Mengajukan permohonan untuk menjadi mitra
3. Survey lokasi usaha
4. Memiliki dana yang cukup untuk investasi
5. Bersedia menjalankan usaha dengan penuh tanggung jawab, semangat serta komitmen yang tinggi
6. Melaksanakan dan mentaati sistem operasional yang telah ditetapkan manajemen Parikesit
7. Semangat Enterprenuer yang tinggi dan tidak mengenal Putus asa

Investasi Bisnis Kerjasama PARIKESIT (Mitra Usaha)
Outlet Standart Rp 2.000.000,- (masa kerjasama selamanya)
Fasilitas yang di dapat
1. Standing Outlet Uk 60X90X85 1 Unit
2. Barner Seragam 1 Unit
3. Dispenser Non Electric 20 L 1 Unit
4. Termos Es 1 Unit
5. Paket Teh Parikesit 4 Paket
1 Paket Teh Parikesit Harga Beli Rp 75.000, terdiri dari :
1. Teh Hijau
2. Gula Pasir
3. Cup 450 Ml sebanyak 60 Cup
Outlet tetap dan tidak memiliki hak mobilitas, biasanya diletakkan di Mall, Pusat Keramaian, Kampus dan Jalan Raya dengan tingkat kecepatan mobilitas rendah ( Jalan Kelas II )
Fasilitas Yang Didapat :
1. Satu unit outlet Teh Parikesit
2. Satu set perlengkapan outlet
3. Training karyawan
4. Sistem operasional
5. Paket promosi usaha

Konsep Bisnis Kerjasama PARIKESIT
Definisi Mitra Kerja Parikesit :
Parikesit membuka kesempatan sebesar-besarnya kepada semua pihak untuk bergabung dengan Parikesit yang memiliki semangat dan kerja keras membangun usaha Teh Parikesit dengan membeli paket yang telah disediakan oleh management.
Kewajiban Big Master (Pusat) :
- Menyediakan training karyawan
- Menyediakan perlengkapan yang dibutuhkan dalam bisnis
- Menyediakan stok bahan baku utama berupa Paket yang disediakan
- Menentukan harga jual dan perubahan harga ke konsumen
- Melakukan kegiatan promosi secara global

Kewajiban Master :
- Mengajukan usulan wilayah kerja yang ingin di pegang maksimal tingkat kabupaten
- Melakukan pengawasan secara menyeluruh atas peralatan, karyawan dan kebersihan outlet
- Melakukan pemesanan dan pembelian bahan baku sesuai standat Parikesit
- Bertanggung jawab atas hasil penjualan
- Investasi awal dengan cara membeli 10 Outlet Parikesit dengan 10 Paket Utama
- Mensupplay Paket Teh ke Mitra (Outlet), hanya bisa sebatas 1 wilayah kecamatan.
- Mendapat Training lansung pembuatan Teh Parikesit dan cara pengemasan dalam Galon
- Wajib Memiliki Dapur untuk Pembuatan Teh Parikesit
- Wajib Memiliki Kendaraan Operasional
- Melakukan promosi sekitar outlet

Bagaimana menjadi Mitra Parikesit :
- Presentasi singkat bisnis & survey lapangan
- Mengisi form persyaratan
- Penandatanganan Perjanjian Bisnis Kerjasama
- Pembayaran Paket Usaha sebesar Rp 2.000.000,-
- Wajib Membeli Paket setiap harinya dari Master
- Pelatihan karyawan
- Grand Opening

ANALISA PERHITUNGAN R.O.I (Return Of Investment)
Perhitungan Pembelian 2 Paket Teh Parikesit :
1. Pembelian 1 Paket Teh Parikesit (Galon) Rp. 75.000,-
2. Pembelian Es Batu untuk 60 cup Rp. 6.000,-
3. Pembelian Sedotan Untuk 60 Cup Rp. 1.000,-
4. Biaya Transfortasi Paket Teh Parikesit Rp. 10.000,-
Total Rp. 92.000,-
Estimasi Lain-lain :
1. Sewa Tempat perhari Rp. 10.000,-
2. Intensif Karyawan (no Komisi) Rp. 25.000,-
Total Rp. 35.000,-
Total Pengeluaran untuk 1 hari bila menjual 1 Paket saja Rp. 127.000,-
Estimasi Penjualan 1 Paket Teh dalam 1 hari
1 Paket 60 cup = 60 Cup
1 Cup = 450 mL dengan harga Rp. 2.500,-
Jadi Total Penjualan 60 cup X Rp. 2.500 = Rp. 150.000,-
Keuntungan Rp. 150.000 – Rp 127.000 = Rp. 23.000,-
Keuntungan Sebulan
30 hari kerja x Rp. 23.000 = Rp. 690.000,-
Perhitungan BEP (Break Even Point)
Rp. 2.000.000 / Rp. 690.000 = ± 3 Bulan
BEP akan terjadi pada Bulan Keempat melakukan Bisnis Kerjasama Teh Parikesit dengan asumsi penjualan 2 Paket Teh setiap harinya.
Salam Sukses
Management Teh Parikesit
CV Amanah Mitra Usaha
Perum Karaba Indah I-24 Karawang
Telp. 0267-8455189
HP. 081318442700 (Hamka)
HP. 081389441139 (Afrizal)
Email : m.amanah@yahoo.co.id
: sekar_alif@yahoo.co.id
: http://sekar-alif.blogspot.com
: http://sekaralif.blogspot.com

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TDW University - Rahasia Menjadi Kaya dan Bertumbuh Semakin Kaya

Kekayaan adalah sama dengan kemampuan untuk terus bertahan hidup
dengan gaya hidup yang ada, tanpa harus bekerja.

Keterangan:

Penelitian yg dilakukan oleh Gallup International menunjukkan bahwa
rata-rata eksekutif ibukota & Asia kaya mampu bertahan 90 hari dengan
gaya hidup yang ada apabila besok dia berhenti kerja. Setelah itu mereka
harus mulai menjual asset atau berhutang.

Kaya adalah relatif. Sebagian orang merasa kaya ketika mempunyai uang
10 juta rupiah. Sebagian orang merasa tidak kaya walaupun sudah memiliki
uang 10 milyar. Menurut majalah Forbes kaya adalah orang yang mempunyai
penghasilan 1 juta US keatas setahunnya. Sedangkan menurut Robert T. Kiyosaki
yang mengutip dari gurunya Buckminster Fuller bahwa kaya adalah bukan berapa
besar active income anda melainkan kaya adalah apabila passive income lebih
besar dari biaya hidup. Yang dimaksud passive income disini adalah uang yang
masuk tanpa harus bekerja.



Sebagai perbandingan Mike Tyson, dia menghasilkan 300 juta USD sewaktu bertinju,
tapi hari ini bangkrut dan masih berhutang 35 juta USD. Maka sebetulnya Mike Tyson
bukan termasuk kaya, termasuk pula di dalam kategori orang yang bukan kaya
adalah orang-orang yang punya penghasilan 1 Juta USD/tahun namun pengeluarannya
1,2 juta USD/tahun.

Pertanyaan penting kali ini adalah:

1.) Bila besok anda berhenti kerja, berapa lama anda dapat bertahan hidup dengan
gaya hidup anda sekarang tanpa harus menjual asset-asset anda?

2.) Lalu bagaimana kita bisa kaya menurut versi Robert T. Kiyosaki dimana passive
income lebih besar dari biaya hidup?

Jadi sebetulnya menurut Robert T. Kiyosaki, kaya adalah bagaimana menciptakan
passive income lebih besar dari biaya hidup.

Cara membuat passive income:

- Royalti dari hak cipta
- Rumah yang disewakan/ dikostkan
- Saham-saham yang menghasilkan deviden
- Reksadana
- Usaha-usaha yang menghasilkan

Buatlah rangkaian rencana sumber pasif income anda. Sesuatu yang anda sukai dan dapat anda

kerjakan sementara anda mengerjakan apa yang anda kerjakan sekarang.
Dan untuk mendapatkan materi tambahan eBook "24 Prinsip Miliarder yang Mencerahkan"
senilai Rp. 250.000,- dan seminar 3 Hari Financial Revolution senilai Rp. 4.933.500,-
oleh Tung Desem Waringin bisa Anda dapatkan di :
http://www.tdwuniversity.com/launch/?id=25629

Jadi sebetulnya menurut Robert T. Kiyosaki, kaya adalah bagaimana menciptakan
passive income lebih besar dari biaya hidup.

Cara membuat passive income:

- Royalti dari hak cipta
- Rumah yang disewakan/ dikostkan
- Saham-saham yang menghasilkan deviden
- Reksadana
- Usaha-usaha yang menghasilkan

Buatlah rangkaian rencana sumber pasif income anda. Sesuatu yang anda sukai dan dapat anda

kerjakan sementara anda mengerjakan apa yang anda kerjakan sekarang.
Dan untuk mendapatkan materi tambahan eBook "24 Prinsip Miliarder yang Mencerahkan"
senilai Rp. 250.000,- oleh Tung Desem Waringin bisa Anda dapatkan di :
http://www.tdwuniversity.com/launch/?id=25629

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Herbal 2

Biological background
The anthocyanins in sweet violets produce deep red, violet and blue shades.
The carotenoids in primrose produce bright red, yellow and orange shades.

All plants produce chemical compounds as part of their normal metabolic activities. These include primary metabolites, such as sugars and fats, found in all plants, and secondary metabolites found in a smaller range of plants, some useful ones found only in a particular genus or species. Pigments harvest light, protect the organism from radiation and display colors to attract pollinators. Many common weeds have medicinal properties.[41][42]


The functions of secondary metabolites are varied. For example, some secondary metabolites are toxins used to deter predation, and others are pheromones used to attract insects for pollination. Phytoalexins protect against bacterial and fungal attacks. Allelochemicals inhibit rival plants that are competing for soil and light.

Plants upregulate and downregulate their biochemical paths in response to the local mix of herbivores, pollinators and microorganisms.[43] The chemical profile of a single plant may vary over time as it reacts to changing conditions. It is the secondary metabolites and pigments that can have therapeutic actions in humans and which can be refined to produce drugs.

Plants synthesize a bewildering variety of phytochemicals but most are derivatives of a few biochemical motifs.

* Alkaloids contain a ring with nitrogen. Many alkaloids have dramatic effects on the central nervous system. Caffeine is an alkaloid that provides a mild lift but the alkaloids in datura cause severe intoxication and even death.
* Phenolics contain phenol rings. The anthocyanins that give grapes their purple color, the isoflavones, the phytoestrogens from soy and the tannins that give tea its astringency are phenolics.
* Turpenoids are built up from terpene building blocks. Each terpene consists of two paired isoprenes. The names monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and triterpenes are based on the number of isoprene units. The fragrance of rose and lavender is due to monoterpenes. The carotenoids produce the reds, yellows and oranges of pumpkin, corn and tomatoes.
* Glycosides consist of a glucose moiety attached to an aglycone. The aglycone is a molecule that is bioactive in its free form but inert until the glycoside bond is broken by water or enzymes. This mechanism allows the plant to defer the availability of the molecule to an appropriate time, similar to a safety lock on a gun. An example is the cyanoglycosides in cherry pits that release toxins only when bitten by a herbivore.

The word drug itself comes from the Dutch word "druug" (via the French word Drogue), which means 'dried plant'. Some examples are inulin from the roots of dahlias, quinine from the cinchona, morphine and codeine from the poppy, and digoxin from the foxglove.

The active ingredient in willow bark, once prescribed by Hippocrates, is salicin, which is converted in the body into salicylic acid. The discovery of salicylic acid would eventually lead to the development of the acetylated form acetylsalicylic acid, also known as "aspirin", when it was isolated from a plant known as meadowsweet. The word aspirin comes from an abbreviation of meadowsweet's Latin genus Spiraea, with an additional "A" at the beginning to acknowledge acetylation, and "in" was added at the end for easier pronunciation.[44] "Aspirin" was originally a brand name, and is still a protected trademark in some countries. This medication was patented by Bayer AG.

[edit] Herbal philosophy
Rosemary

Since herbalism is such a diverse field few generalizations apply universally. Nevertheless a rough consensus can be inferred.

Most herbalists concede that pharmaceuticals are more effective in emergency situations where time is of the essence. An example would be where a patient had elevated blood pressure that posed imminent danger. However they claim that over the long term herbs can help the patient resist disease and in addition provide nutritional and immunological support that pharmaceuticals lack. They view their goal as prevention as well as cure.

Herbalists tend to use extracts from parts of plants, such as the roots or leaves but not isolate particular phytochemicals.[45] Pharmaceutical medicine prefers single ingredients on the grounds that dosage can be more easily quantified. Herbalists reject the notion of a single active ingredient. They argue that the different phytochemicals present in many herbs will interact to enhance the therapeutic effects of the herb and dilute toxicity.[46]Furthermore, they argue that a single ingredient may contribute to multiple effects. Herbalists deny that herbal synergism can be duplicated with synthetic chemicals. They argue that phytochemical interactions and trace components may alter the drug response in ways that cannot currently be replicated with a combination of a few putative active ingredients.[47][48] Pharmaceutical researchers recognize the concept of drug synergism but note that clinical trials may be used to investigate the efficacy of a particular herbal preparation, provided the formulation of that herb is consistent.[49]
Thai chili peppers contain capsaicin

In specific cases the claims of synergy[50] and multifunctionality[51] have been supported by science. The open question is how widely both can be generalized. Herbalists would argue that cases of synergy can be widely generalized, on the basis of their interpretation of evolutionary history, not necessarily shared by the pharmaceutical community. Plants are subject to similar selection pressures as humans and therefore they must develop resistance to threats such as radiation, reactive oxygen species and microbial attack in order to survive.[52] Optimal chemical defenses have been selected for and have thus developed over millions of years.[53]Human diseases are multifactorial and may be treated by consuming the chemical defences that they believe to be present in herbs. Bacteria, inflammation, nutrition and ROS (reactive oxygen species) may all play a role in arterial disease.[54] Herbalists claim a single herb may simultaneously address several of these factors. Likewise a factor such as ROS may underly more than one condition.[55] In short herbalists view their field as the study of a web of relationships rather than a quest for single cause and a single cure for a single condition.

In selecting herbal treatments herbalists may use forms of information that are not applicable to pharmacists. Because herbs can moonlight as vegetables, teas or spices they have a huge consumer base and large-scale epidemiological studies become feasible. Ethnobotanical studies are another source of information. [56] For example, when indigenous peoples from geographically dispersed areas use closely related herbs for the same purpose that is taken as supporting evidence for its efficacy.[citation needed] Herbalists contend that historical medical records and herbals are underutilized resources.[57] They favor the use of convergent information in assessing the medical value of plants. An example would be when in-vitro activity is consistent with traditional use.

Certain strains of herbalism rely on sources that would be widely considered unreliable and would not be accepted in a scientifically oriented herbal journal. These include astrology, the Bible, intuition, dreams, “plant spirits”, etc.

[edit] Popularity

A survey released in May 2004 by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine focused on who used complementary and alternative medicines (CAM), what was used, and why it was used. The survey was limited to adults, aged 18 years and over during 2002, living in the United States.

According to this survey, herbal therapy, or use of natural products other than vitamins and minerals, was the most commonly used CAM therapy (18.9%) when all use of prayer was excluded.[58][59]

Herbal remedies are very common in Europe. In Germany, herbal medications are dispensed by apothecaries (e.g., Apotheke). Prescription drugs are sold alongside essential oils, herbal extracts, or herbal teas. Herbal remedies are seen by some as a treatment to be preferred to chemical medications which have been industrially produced.[60]

In the United Kingdom, the training of medical herbalists is done by state funded Universities. For example, Bachelor of Science degrees in herbal medicine are offered at Universities such as University of East London, Middlesex University, University of Central Lancashire, University of Westminster, University of Lincoln and Napier University in Edinburgh at the present.

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Herbal

Anthropology of herbalism

Further information: Zoopharmacognosy

People on all continents have used hundreds to thousands of indigenous plants for treatment of ailments since prehistoric times.The first generally accepted use of plants as healing agents was depicted in the cave paintings discovered in the Lascaux caves in France, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between 13,000-25,000 BC. Medicinal herbs were found in the personal effects of an Ice man, whose body was frozen in the Swiss Alps for more than 5,300 years, which appear to have been used to treat the parasites found in his intestines. Anthropology or Anthropologists theorize that animals evolved a tendency to seek out bitter plant parts in response to illness.


Indigenous healers often claim to have learned by observing that sick animals change their food preferences to nibble at bitter herbs they would normally reject.[4] Field biologists have provided corroborating evidence based on observation of diverse species, such as chimpanzees, chickens, sheep and butterflies. Lowland gorillas take 90% of their diet from the fruits of Aframomum melegueta, a relative of the ginger plant, that is a potent antimicrobial and apparently keeps shigellosis and similar infections at bay.[5]

Researchers from Ohio Wesleyan University found that some birds select nesting material rich in antimicrobial agents which protect their young from harmful bacteria.[6]

Sick animals tend to forage plants rich in secondary metabolites, such as tannins and alkaloids.[7] Since these phytochemicals often have antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and antihelminthic properties, a plausible case can be made for self-medication by animals in the wild.[5]

Some animals have digestive systems especially adapted to cope with certain plant toxins. For example, the koala can live on the leaves and shoots of the eucalyptus, a plant that is dangerous to most animals.[8]A plant that is harmless to a particular animal may not be safe for humans to ingest.[9] A reasonable conjecture is that these discoveries were traditionally collected by the medicine people of indigenous tribes, who then passed on safety information and cautions.

The use of herbs and spices in cuisine developed in part as a response to the threat of food-born pathogens. Studies show that in tropical climates where pathogens are the most abundant recipes are the most highly spiced. Further, the spices with the most potent antimicrobial activity tend to be selected.[10]In all cultures vegetables are spiced less than meat, presumably because they are more resistant to spoilage.[11]

[edit] Herbs in history
Borage from Project Gutenberg EBook of Culinary Herbs: Their Cultivation Harvesting Curing and Uses, by M. G. Kains

In the written record, the study of herbs dates back over 5,000 years to the Sumerians, who described well-established medicinal uses for such plants as laurel, caraway, and thyme. Ancient Egyptian medicine of 1000 B.C. are known to have used garlic, opium, castor oil, coriander, mint, indigo, and other herbs for medicine and the Old Testament also mentions herb use and cultivation, including mandrake, vetch, caraway, wheat, barley, and rye.

Indian Ayurveda medicine has been using herbs such as turmeric and curcumin possibly as early as 1900 B.C.[12] Many other herbs and minerals used in Ayurveda were later described by ancient Indian herbalists such as Charaka and Sushruta during the 1st millenium BC. The Sushruta Samhita attributed to Sushruta in the 6th century BC describes 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources, and 57 preparations based on animal sources.[13]

The first Chinese herbal book, the Shennong Bencao Jing, compiled during the Han Dynasty but dating back to a much earlier date, possibly 2700 B.C., lists 365 medicinal plants and their uses - including ma-Huang, the shrub that introduced the drug ephedrine to modern medicine. Succeeding generations augmented on the Shennong Bencao Jing, as in the Yaoxing Lun (Treatise on the Nature of Medicinal Herbs), a 7th century Tang Dynasty treatise on herbal medicine.

The ancient Greeks and Romans made medicinal use of plants. Greek and Roman medicinal practices, as preserved in the writings of Hippocrates and - especially - Galen, provided the patterns for later western medicine. Hippocrates advocated the use of a few simple herbal drugs - along with fresh air, rest, and proper diet. Galen, on the other had, recommended large doses of drug mixtures - including plant, animal, and mineral ingredients. The Greek physician compiled the first European treatise on the properties and uses of medicinal plants, De Materia Medica. In the first century AD, Dioscorides wrote a compendium of more than 500 plants that remained an authoritative reference into the 17th century. Similarly important for herbalists and botanists of later centuries was the Greek book that founded the science of botany, Theophrastus’ Historia Plantarum, written in the fourth century B.C.
Thyme from Project Gutenberg EBook of Culinary Herbs: Their Cultivation Harvesting Curing and Uses, by M. G. Kains

[edit] Middle Ages

The uses of plants for medicine and other purposes changed little in early medieval Europe. Many Greek and Roman writings on medicine, as on other subjects, were preserved by hand copying of manuscripts in monasteries. The monasteries thus tended to become local centers of medical knowledge, and their herb gardens provided the raw materials for simple treatment of common disorders. At the same time, folk medicine in the home and village continues uninterrupted, supporting numerous wandering and settled herbalists. Among these were the “wise-women,” who prescribed herbal remedies often along with spells and enchantments. It was not until the late Middle Ages that women who were knowledgeable in herb lore became the targets of the witch hysteria. One of the most famous women in the herbal tradition was Hildegard of Bingen. A twelfth century Benedictine nun, she wrote a medical text called Causes and Cures.

Medical schools known as Bimaristan began to appear from the 9th century in the medieval Islamic world, which was generally more advanced than medieval Europe at the time. The Arabs venerated Greco-Roman culture and learning, and translated tens of thousands of texts into Arabic for further study.[14] As a trading culture, the Arab travellers had access to plant material from distant places such as China and India. Herbals, medical texts and translations of the classics of antiquity filtered in from east and west.[15] Muslim botanists and Muslim physicians significantly expanded on the earlier knowledge of materia medica. For example, al-Dinawari described more than 637 plant drugs in the 9th century,[16] and Ibn al-Baitar described more than 1,400 different plants, foods and drugs, over 300 of which were his own original discoveries, in the 13th century.[17] The experimental scientific method was introduced into the field of materia medica in the 13th century by the Andalusian-Arab botanist Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, the teacher of Ibn al-Baitar. Al-Nabati introduced empirical techniques in the testing, description and identification of numerous materia medica, and he separated unverified reports from those supported by actual tests and observations. This allowed the study of materia medica to evolve into the science of pharmacology.[18]

Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine (1025) is considered the first pharmacopoeia,[19][20] and lists 800 tested drugs, plants and minerals.[21] Book Two is devoted to a discussion of the healing properties of herbs, including nutmeg, senna, sandalwood, rhubarb, myrrh, cinammon, and rosewater.[14] Baghdad was an important center for Arab herbalism, as was Al-Andalus between 800 and 1400. Abulcasis (936-1013) of Cordoba authored The Book of Simples, an important source for later European herbals, while Ibn al-Baitar (1197-1248) of Malaga authored the Corpus of Simples, the most complete Arab herbal which introduced 200 new healing herbs, including tamarind, aconite, and nux vomica.[14][22] Other pharmacopoeia books include that written by Abu-Rayhan Biruni in the 11th century[23] and Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) in the 12th century (and printed in 1491),[24] The origins of clinical pharmacology also date back to the Middle Ages in Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, Peter of Spain's Commentary on Isaac, and John of St Amand's Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas.[25] In particular, the Canon introduced clinical trials,[26] randomized controlled trials,[27][28] and efficacy tests.[29][30]

Alongside the university system, folk medicine continued to thrive. The continuing importance of herbs for the centuries following the Middle Ages is indicated by the hundreds of herbals published after the invention of printing in the fifteenth century. Theophrastus’ Historia Plantarum was one of the first books to be printed, but Dioscorides’ De Materia Medica, Avicenna's Canon of Medicine and Avenzoar's pharmacopoeia were not far behind.
Marjoram from Project Gutenberg EBook of Culinary Herbs: Their Cultivation Harvesting Curing and Uses, by M. G. Kains

[edit] Modern era

The fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries were the great age of herbals, many of them available for the first time in English and other languages rather than Latin or Greek. The first herbal to be published in English was the anonymous Grete Herball of 1526. The two best-known herbals in English were The Herball or General History of Plants (1597) by John Gerard and The English Physician Enlarged (1653) by Nicholas Culpeper. Gerard’s text was basically a pirated translation of a book by the Belgian herbalist Dodoens and his illustrations came from a German botanical work. The original edition contained many errors due to faulty matching of the two parts. Culpeper’s blend of traditional medicine with astrology, magic, and folklore was ridiculed by the physicians of his day yet his book - like Gerard’s and other herbals - enjoyed phenomenal popularity. The Age of Exploration and the Columbian Exchange introduced new medicinal plants to Europe. The Badianus Manuscript was an illustrated Aztec herbal translated into Latin in the 16th century.

The second millennium, however, also saw the beginning of a slow erosion of the pre-eminent position held by plants as sources of therapeutic effects. This began with the introduction of the physician, the introduction of active chemical drugs (like arsenic, copper sulfate, iron, mercury, and sulfur), followed by the rapid development of chemistry and the other physical sciences, led increasingly to the dominance of chemotherapy - chemical medicine - as the orthodox system of the twentieth century.

[edit] Role of herbal medicine in modern human society
Botánicas, such as this one in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, cater to the Latino community and sell herbal cures and folk medicine alongside statues of saints, candles decorated with prayers, lucky bamboo, and other items.

The use of herbs to treat disease is almost universal among non-industrialized societies.[31] A number of traditions came to dominate the practice of herbal medicine at the end of the twentieth century:

* The herbal medicine system, based on Greek and Roman sources
* The Siddha and Ayurvedic medicine systems from India
* Chinese herbal medicine (Chinese herbology)
* Unani-Tibb medicine
* Shamanic Herbalism

Many of the pharmaceuticals currently available to physicians have a long history of use as herbal remedies, including opium, aspirin, digitalis, and quinine. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 percent of the world's population presently uses herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care.[32] Pharmaceuticals are prohibitively expensive for most of the world's population, half of which lives on less than $2 U.S. per day.[33][34][35][36] In comparison, herbal medicines can be grown from seed or gathered from nature for little or no cost. Herbal medicine is a major component in all traditional medicine systems, and a common element in Siddha, Ayurvedic, homeopathic, naturopathic, traditional Chinese medicine, and Native American medicine.

The use of, and search for, drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Pharmacologists, microbiologists, botanists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and leads that could be developed for treatment of various diseases. In fact, according to the World Health Organisation, approximately 25% of modern drugs used in the United States have been derived from plants.[37]

* Three quarters of plants that provide active ingredients for prescription drugs came to the attention of researchers because of their use in traditional medicine.[38][verification needed]
* Among the 120 active compounds currently isolated from the higher plants and widely used in modern medicine today, 80 percent show a positive correlation between their modern therapeutic use and the traditional use of the plants from which they are derived.[39]
* More than two thirds of the world's plant species - at least 35,000 of which are estimated to have medicinal value - come from the developing countries.[verification needed]
* At least 7,000 medical compounds in the modern pharmacopoeia are derived from plants[40]

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